Contents

Characteristics and classification of living organisms

Organisation of the organism

Cells under the microscope

Movement into and out of cells

Biological molecules

Food tests

Enzymes

Enzymes

Plant nutrition

Human nutrition

Transport in plants

Transport in animals

Diseases and immunity

Pathogens and disease spreadBeing prepared
Immunity and vaccinationBeing prepared

Gas exchange in humans

Gas exchange and breathing

Respiration

Respiration

Excretion in humans

Excretion and the kidneys

Coordination and response

Drugs

Antibiotics

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproductionBeing prepared
Flowers and pollinationBeing prepared
Fertilisation and germinationBeing prepared
Human reproductionBeing prepared
Puberty and the menstrual cycleBeing prepared
Sexually transmitted infectionsBeing prepared

Inheritance

Chromosomes, genes and allelesBeing prepared
From gene to proteinBeing prepared
Mitosis and meiosisBeing prepared
Monohybrid crossesBeing prepared
Family trees, blood groups and sex linkageBeing prepared

Variation and selection

Variation and mutationBeing prepared
Adaptation and selectionBeing prepared

Organisms and their environment

Food chains and websBeing prepared
Ecological pyramids and energyBeing prepared
Energy flow and nutrient cyclesBeing prepared
PopulationsBeing prepared

Human influences on ecosystems

Food supply and habitat lossBeing prepared
PollutionBeing prepared
ConservationBeing prepared

Biotechnology and genetic modification

BiotechnologyBeing prepared
Genetic modificationBeing prepared

Part 3 of 3

Page 03

Pulled up the xylem, and wilting

identify

Try it yourself

Supplement. A leafy shoot with no roots, in a potometer, still takes up water. What moves the water up its xylem?

identify: name or select.

Choose one answera.Living cells in the xylem walls squeeze the water up the stemb.The air bubble in the potometer pushes the water up the stemc.Pressure from the roots pushes the column of water up the stemd.Water evaporating from the leaves pulls the column of water up

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Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 · 2026–2028 v3 · Original learning materials.

Transpiration as the loss of water vapour from leaves (8.3.1); evaporation from the surfaces of the mesophyll cells into the air spaces and diffusion out through the stomata (8.3.2); investigating the effects of temperature and wind speed (8.3.3); the internal surface area and the size and number of stomata (Supplement 8.3.4); the transpiration pull (Supplement 8.3.5); the effects of temperature, wind speed and humidity explained (Supplement 8.3.6); wilting (Supplement 8.3.7). The distances in the experiment come from a teaching model.

Apparatus, amounts and times in the experiment are illustrative. Real practical work follows a teacher-approved safety method.

Official Cambridge syllabus