Contents

Characteristics and classification of living organisms

Organisation of the organism

Cells under the microscope

Movement into and out of cells

Biological molecules

Food tests

Enzymes

Enzymes

Plant nutrition

Human nutrition

Transport in plants

Transport in animals

Diseases and immunity

Pathogens and disease spreadBeing prepared
Immunity and vaccinationBeing prepared

Gas exchange in humans

Gas exchange and breathing

Respiration

Respiration

Excretion in humans

Excretion and the kidneys

Coordination and response

Drugs

Antibiotics

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproductionBeing prepared
Flowers and pollinationBeing prepared
Fertilisation and germinationBeing prepared
Human reproductionBeing prepared
Puberty and the menstrual cycleBeing prepared
Sexually transmitted infectionsBeing prepared

Inheritance

Chromosomes, genes and allelesBeing prepared
From gene to proteinBeing prepared
Mitosis and meiosisBeing prepared
Monohybrid crossesBeing prepared
Family trees, blood groups and sex linkageBeing prepared

Variation and selection

Variation and mutationBeing prepared
Adaptation and selectionBeing prepared

Organisms and their environment

Food chains and websBeing prepared
Ecological pyramids and energyBeing prepared
Energy flow and nutrient cyclesBeing prepared
PopulationsBeing prepared

Human influences on ecosystems

Food supply and habitat lossBeing prepared
PollutionBeing prepared
ConservationBeing prepared

Biotechnology and genetic modification

BiotechnologyBeing prepared
Genetic modificationBeing prepared

Part 3 of 3

Page 03

Acid and alkali

identify

Try it yourself

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid. Which two of these are functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

identify: name or select.

Choose two answersa.It breaks the fat in food into small dropletsb.It digests the starch in food into sugarsc.It gives the best pH for the stomach's proteased.It digests the protein in food into amino acidse.It neutralises the food so enzymes can workf.It kills harmful microorganisms in food

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Scope and sources

Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 · 2026–2028 v3 · Original learning materials.

Chemical digestion as the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed (7.4.1, 7.4.2), through a Visking-tubing model gut; amylase, protease and lipase, their substrates, products and where they are secreted and act (7.4.3, 7.4.4); hydrochloric acid in gastric juice (7.4.5); Supplement: maltase on the epithelium of the small intestine (7.4.6), pepsin and trypsin at their optimum pH (7.4.7) and bile neutralising the acid entering the duodenum (7.4.8). Absorption and villi are in a later module, enzyme action and its graphs in the enzymes module. Results in the experiment come from a teaching model.

Apparatus, amounts and times in the experiment are illustrative. Real practical work follows a teacher-approved safety method.

Official Cambridge syllabus