Contents

Characteristics and classification of living organisms

Organisation of the organism

Cells under the microscope

Movement into and out of cells

Biological molecules

Food tests

Enzymes

Enzymes

Plant nutrition

Human nutrition

Transport in plants

Transport in animals

Diseases and immunity

Pathogens and disease spreadBeing prepared
Immunity and vaccinationBeing prepared

Gas exchange in humans

Gas exchange and breathing

Respiration

Respiration

Excretion in humans

Excretion and the kidneys

Coordination and response

Drugs

Antibiotics

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproductionBeing prepared
Flowers and pollinationBeing prepared
Fertilisation and germinationBeing prepared
Human reproductionBeing prepared
Puberty and the menstrual cycleBeing prepared
Sexually transmitted infectionsBeing prepared

Inheritance

Chromosomes, genes and allelesBeing prepared
From gene to proteinBeing prepared
Mitosis and meiosisBeing prepared
Monohybrid crossesBeing prepared
Family trees, blood groups and sex linkageBeing prepared

Variation and selection

Variation and mutationBeing prepared
Adaptation and selectionBeing prepared

Organisms and their environment

Food chains and websBeing prepared
Ecological pyramids and energyBeing prepared
Energy flow and nutrient cyclesBeing prepared
PopulationsBeing prepared

Human influences on ecosystems

Food supply and habitat lossBeing prepared
PollutionBeing prepared
ConservationBeing prepared

Biotechnology and genetic modification

BiotechnologyBeing prepared
Genetic modificationBeing prepared

Part 3 of 3

Page 03

How a leaf is built for photosynthesis

identify

Try it yourself

The drawing shows a cross-section through a leaf. Identify the layers lettered A to E.

identify: name or select.

Drawing of a cross-section through a leaf, upper surface at the top, with twelve parts lettered. A: the thin layer along the very top surface. B: the single row of clear cells just under it. C: the tall cells packed side by side, full of green chloroplasts. D: the rounded, loosely packed cells below those. E: a gap between the rounded cells. F: the large cells with thick walls in the upper half of the round bundle in the middle. G: the small cells in the lower half of that bundle. H: one of the two small green cells shaped like beans, in the lower surface. I: the gap between those two cells. J: the row of clear cells along the bottom surface. K: one small green body inside a tall cell near the top. L: the whole round bundle in the middle.

Match each item

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Scope and sources

Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 · 2026–2028 v3 · Original learning materials.

The effects of light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis, investigated with pondweed (6.1.8); gas exchange of an aquatic plant in light and dark with hydrogencarbonate indicator (6.1.9); limiting factors in different conditions (Supplement 6.1.11); the large, thin leaf (6.2.1); the structures of a dicotyledonous leaf in diagrams and images (6.2.2) and how they adapt it for photosynthesis (6.2.3). Bubble counts and indicator colours in the experiment come from a teaching model.

Apparatus, amounts and times in the experiment are illustrative. Real practical work follows a teacher-approved safety method.

Official Cambridge syllabus