Contents

Characteristics and classification of living organisms

Organisation of the organism

Cells under the microscope

Movement into and out of cells

Biological molecules

Food tests

Enzymes

Enzymes

Plant nutrition

Human nutrition

Transport in plants

Transport in animals

Diseases and immunity

Pathogens and disease spreadBeing prepared
Immunity and vaccinationBeing prepared

Gas exchange in humans

Gas exchange and breathing

Respiration

Respiration

Excretion in humans

Excretion and the kidneys

Coordination and response

Drugs

Antibiotics

Reproduction

Asexual and sexual reproductionBeing prepared
Flowers and pollinationBeing prepared
Fertilisation and germinationBeing prepared
Human reproductionBeing prepared
Puberty and the menstrual cycleBeing prepared
Sexually transmitted infectionsBeing prepared

Inheritance

Chromosomes, genes and allelesBeing prepared
From gene to proteinBeing prepared
Mitosis and meiosisBeing prepared
Monohybrid crossesBeing prepared
Family trees, blood groups and sex linkageBeing prepared

Variation and selection

Variation and mutationBeing prepared
Adaptation and selectionBeing prepared

Organisms and their environment

Food chains and websBeing prepared
Ecological pyramids and energyBeing prepared
Energy flow and nutrient cyclesBeing prepared
PopulationsBeing prepared

Human influences on ecosystems

Food supply and habitat lossBeing prepared
PollutionBeing prepared
ConservationBeing prepared

Biotechnology and genetic modification

BiotechnologyBeing prepared
Genetic modificationBeing prepared

Part 2 of 3

Page 02

Lungs and gas exchange

identify

Try it yourself

The diagram shows the breathing system. Match each letter to the part.

identify: name or select.

The breathing system, seen from the front with the chest opened, with ten parts lettered. R is at the top of the airway, in the neck. P is the tube with rings that runs down from R into the chest. S is one of the two branches of that tube, leading into a lung. U is one of the narrower branches inside a lung. V is the large organ on the right of the chest that the branches lead into. W is one of the curved bones at the side of the chest, and T is between two of them. Q is the dome-shaped sheet under the lungs. A magnified circle shows the end of a narrow branch: X is one of the tiny round sacs there, and Y is one of the fine vessels wrapped round the sacs.

Match each item

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Scope and sources

Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 · 2026–2028 v3 · Original learning materials.

Gas exchange in humans (11.1.1–11.1.5): the features of gas exchange surfaces, the parts of the breathing system and their capillaries, investigating inspired and expired air with limewater, the differences in their composition, and the effect of physical activity on the rate and depth of breathing; for the Supplement (11.1.6–11.1.11), the internal and external intercostal muscles, the cartilage of the trachea, how the ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm ventilate the lungs, why the two airs differ, how a rise in carbon dioxide in the blood speeds up breathing, and how goblet cells, mucus and cilia protect the breathing system. Respiration in cells and the oxygen debt are in “Respiration”; lung volumes other than the volume of one breath, and smoking, are not covered. The results in the experiment come from a teaching model.

Apparatus, amounts and times in the experiment are illustrative. Real practical work follows a teacher-approved safety method.

Official Cambridge syllabus