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Refraction of light

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The diagram shows a ray of light passing from air into glass. Match each numbered line to what it is.

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A ray of light passing from air into glass. Four lines are numbered: line 1 is horizontal, the boundary, with the glass shaded below it; line 2 is dashed and crosses line 1 at 90° where the ray meets it; line 3 comes down from the upper left through the air with an arrow pointing towards line 1; line 4 continues down into the glass with an arrow pointing away from line 1, closer to line 2 than line 3 is. Four angles are marked: w between line 3 and line 1, x between line 3 and line 2, y between line 2 and line 4, and z between line 4 and line 1. (enlarge)
Match each item
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Scope and sources

Cambridge IGCSE Physics 0625 · 2026–2028 v2 · Original learning materials.

The normal, the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction (3.2.2.1); refraction by a rectangular and a semicircular glass block (3.2.2.2); the passage of light through a transparent material, at a boundary between two mediums (3.2.2.3); the critical angle (3.2.2.4); internal reflection and total internal reflection, with experimental and everyday examples (3.2.2.5); Supplement: refractive index as the ratio of the speeds of light (3.2.2.6), n = sin i ÷ sin r (3.2.2.7), n = 1 ÷ sin c (3.2.2.8) and optical fibres, particularly in telecommunications (3.2.2.9). Refraction of water waves is in Waves in a ripple tank, lenses in Lenses and images, and dispersion in Light and the electromagnetic spectrum.

Apparatus, amounts and times in the experiment are illustrative. Real practical work follows a teacher-approved safety method.

Official Cambridge syllabus