Glands and their hormones — answer key

1. GQ1 · Practice

Options as numbered on the pupil sheet: 1 — oestrogen; 2 — testosterone; 3 — insulin; 4 — adrenaline.

Model answer. The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline, the pancreas insulin, the testes testosterone and the ovaries oestrogen.

A full answer includes

• I matched the adrenal glands to adrenaline.
• I matched the pancreas to insulin.
• I matched the testes to testosterone.
• I matched the ovaries to oestrogen.
• I did not match the ovaries to testosterone.

Also accept

• adrenal adrenaline; pancreas insulin; testes testosterone; ovaries oestrogen

Watch for

• “The ovaries secrete testosterone.” — Testosterone is secreted by the testes. The ovaries secrete oestrogen.
• “The pancreas secretes adrenaline.” — Adrenaline comes from the adrenal glands on the kidneys. The pancreas secretes insulin.

2. GQ2 · Practice

Model answer. C. The adrenal glands sit on the upper end of each kidney; the pancreas lies under the stomach, beside the start of the small intestine; the ovaries lie one each side of the uterus.

A full answer includes

• I chose row C.
• I did not choose row D: a sac below the abdomen holds the testes, not the ovaries.

Also accept

• C

Watch for

• “Row A: the adrenal glands lie between the two kidneys.” — The gland between the kidneys, behind and below the stomach, is the pancreas. The adrenal glands sit on the upper end of each kidney.
• “Row B: the pancreas is inside the liver.” — The pancreas is a gland of its own, under the stomach. The liver is a separate organ higher up.
• “Row D: the ovaries hang in a sac below the abdomen.” — That is where the testes are. The ovaries are inside the lower abdomen, beside the uterus.

3. GQ3 · Practice

Model answer. Insulin is secreted by the pancreas into the blood flowing through it, so the blood leaving the pancreas carries the most insulin. The blood then carries it round the body, where it becomes more spread out.

A full answer includes

• I chose the vein leaving the pancreas.
• I did not choose the vein leaving the liver: the liver is a target of insulin, not its source.

Also accept

• the vein leaving the pancreas

Watch for

• “The vein leaving the liver.” — The liver is one of the organs insulin acts on. Insulin enters the blood in the pancreas.
• “The vein leaving the adrenal glands.” — The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline. Blood leaving them carries the most adrenaline, not insulin.
• “The vein leaving the kidneys.” — The kidneys make urine. They do not secrete insulin.

4. GQ5 · Practice

Model answer. X is the long gland between the kidneys, behind and below the stomach: the pancreas. It secretes insulin.

A full answer includes

• I identified X as the pancreas.
• I stated insulin.
• I did not identify X as the liver or the stomach.

Also accept

• pancreas; insulin

Watch for

• “X is the liver.” — The liver is the large organ higher up, on the person's right. X is the pancreas, behind and below the stomach.
• “X is the stomach.” — The leader line points below and behind the stomach, to a long gland: the pancreas.

5. GQ6 · Practice

Model answer. Y points to a pair of glands either side of a uterus: the ovaries. The ovaries secrete oestrogen.

A full answer includes

• I chose ovaries – oestrogen.
• I did not choose ovaries – testosterone: testosterone is the hormone of the testes.

Also accept

• ovaries – oestrogen

Watch for

• “Ovaries – testosterone.” — The glands are the ovaries, but testosterone comes from the testes. The ovaries secrete oestrogen.
• “Testes – testosterone.” — Testes are not found beside a uterus. Look at the organ between the two glands labelled Y.
• “Uterus – oestrogen.” — The label lines end on the two small glands, not on the uterus between them. Those glands are the ovaries.

6. GQ7 · Practice

Model answer. The ovaries secrete oestrogen. Without them her body makes little oestrogen, so oestrogen is the hormone to replace.

A full answer includes

• I chose oestrogen.
• I did not choose testosterone: that is the hormone of the testes.

Also accept

• oestrogen

Watch for

• “Testosterone.” — Testosterone is secreted by the testes. The ovaries secrete oestrogen.
• “Insulin.” — Insulin is secreted by the pancreas, which was not removed.
• “Adrenaline.” — Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which were not removed.

7. GQ8 · Practice

Model answer. The hormone that makes the pupils wider in a fright is adrenaline. Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys. W points to the gland on top of a kidney, so the answer is W.

A full answer includes

• I named the hormone that widens the pupils: adrenaline.
• I chose W, the gland on top of a kidney.
• I did not choose X: the gland between the kidneys is the pancreas, which secretes insulin.

Also accept

• W

Watch for

• “X.” — X is the long gland between the kidneys, behind and below the stomach: the pancreas, which secretes insulin.
• “Y.” — Y points to glands either side of a uterus: the ovaries, which secrete oestrogen.
• “Z.” — Z points to oval glands in a sac: the testes, which secrete testosterone.

8. GQ4 · Practice

Model answer. Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas, the same gland that secretes insulin.

A full answer includes

• I chose the pancreas.
• I did not choose the liver: glucagon acts on the liver, but the liver does not secrete it.

Also accept

• pancreas

Watch for

• “The liver.” — Glucagon and glycogen sound alike, and the liver stores glycogen. But the liver is an organ glucagon acts on; the pancreas secretes it.
• “The adrenal glands.” — The adrenal glands secrete adrenaline, not glucagon.
• “The small intestine.” — The small intestine absorbs glucose from digested food. It does not secrete glucagon; the pancreas, beside it, does.

9. GQ9 · Practice

Model answer. The pancreas secretes two hormones in the syllabus: insulin and glucagon. The hormone is not insulin, so it is most likely to be glucagon.

A full answer includes

• I chose glucagon.
• I did not choose glycogen: it is a store of carbohydrate, not a hormone.

Also accept

• glucagon

Watch for

• “Glycogen.” — Glycogen is a store of carbohydrate in the liver and the muscles, not a hormone. The hormone with a similar name is glucagon.
• “Glucose.” — Glucose is a sugar carried in the blood, not a hormone.
• “Adrenaline.” — Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands on the kidneys, not by the pancreas.

10. GT1 · Apply

Model answer. The organ in the middle, with a tube curving out from each upper corner, is the uterus. The small oval glands beside the ends of the tubes are the ovaries, which secrete oestrogen.

A full answer includes

• I identified the organ in the middle as the uterus.
• I identified the small oval glands as the ovaries.
• I stated oestrogen.
• I did not identify the small oval glands as the testes.

Also accept

• uterus; ovaries; oestrogen

Watch for

• “The small oval glands are the testes.” — The testes hang in a sac outside the abdomen, not beside a uterus. The glands joined to a uterus are the ovaries.
• “The organ in the middle secretes oestrogen.” — The uterus is a target of oestrogen. The hormone comes from the small glands beside it, the ovaries.
• “The small oval glands secrete testosterone.” — Testosterone comes from the testes. The ovaries secrete oestrogen.

11. GT2 · Apply

Model answer. The testes secrete testosterone, so his body is likely to make too little testosterone.

A full answer includes

• I chose testosterone.
• I did not choose oestrogen: that is the hormone of the ovaries.

Also accept

• testosterone

Watch for

• “Oestrogen.” — Oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries. The testes secrete testosterone.
• “Adrenaline.” — Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal glands, which are not affected.
• “Insulin.” — Insulin is secreted by the pancreas, which is not affected.

12. GT3 · Apply

Model answer. The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon, so with most of the pancreas removed, the body will make less of both.

A full answer includes

• I chose insulin.
• I chose glucagon.
• I did not choose adrenaline: the adrenal glands were not removed.

Also accept

• insulin and glucagon

Watch for

• “Adrenaline.” — Adrenaline comes from the adrenal glands, which were not removed.
• “Glycogen.” — Glycogen is a store of carbohydrate, not a hormone.