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InkFlaskCambridge IGCSE

Acids, bases and indicators

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What this model shows

The drops are slowed so you can follow them: each bottle’s three drops take about 6 seconds here.

The pH values are typical values for these solutions at 0.10 mol/dm³, read from the chart as whole numbers. Real universal indicator colours vary a little from one maker to another.

The magnifier’s particles are a model, drawn much larger than real ones, and the water molecules are left out. In real 0.10 mol/dm³ ethanoic acid only about 1 molecule in 75 is split into ions at any moment; the model shows 1 in 6 so that you can see it.

With reduced motion, each step finishes at once, and the magnifier shows the end of the model.

Select a piece of equipment, on the bench or here, to read about it in the card.